Contemporary Terrorism in Kenya

Evolving Definitions, Debates, and Strategic Implications

Abstract

This paper critically explores the evolving definitions, discursive constructions, and strategic responses to contemporary terrorism in Kenya. Drawing on the securitisation theory and critical terrorism studies, we interrogate how terrorism is framed by state actors, often in ways that marginalise Kenya’s vulnerable populations. We propose a context-specific definition of contemporary terrorism in Kenya as ideologically driven violence by non-state actors that exploits historical grievances, digital platforms, and vulnerable communities to influence governance to respond to their demands through fear. Through a chronological analysis of Al Shabaab’s operations from 1980 to 2024, we identify shifts from transnational attacks to hybrid asymmetric warfare, including digital radicalisation. The study critiques Kenya’s counterterrorism practices—highlighting the securitisation of ethnic identity, human rights violations, and the politicisation of counterterrorism laws—while acknowledging recent reforms and technological innovations. We propose a four-pronged hybrid model of counter-terrorism strategy in Kenya involving community engagement, technological adaptation, and cross-border intelligence collaboration. Ultimately, we argue that Kenya must recalibrate its approach to prioritise rights-based, locally grounded strategies that build resilience and mitigate extremist appeal.