Kenya’s Hybrid Warfare Threats and National Security Infrastructure

• Joseph Owuondo

  National University, San Diego, USA

  Author

Hybrid warfare, which encompasses cyberattacks, physical sabotage, and disinformation, poses escalating threats to Kenya’s critical infrastructure, including undersea cables, energy pipelines, and digital networks. This study assesses Kenya’s preparedness through a qualitative analysis of national policy frameworks. Key findings highlight significant gaps in interagency coordination, resource allocation, and regional cooperation. Guided by systems theory and informed by international comparative models, this study proposes an integrated strategy that emphasises enhanced surveillance, robust public-private partnerships, and alignment with continental agreements. The proposed measures aim to strengthen Kenya’s resilience to hybrid threats while contributing to broader discussions on infrastructure security in developing economies.

1. Joseph Owuondo, National University, San Diego, USA

   Joseph Owuondo is a PhD candidate in Organisational Innovation at National University, San Diego, and Spatial Planning at Maseno University, respectively. Specialising in Technology Innovation Management, Disruptive Innovation, and Sustainable Development, he brings extensive research and leadership experience from his service as a U.S. Marine and a civilian in the Department of Defence, managing teams of up to 220 personnel. An Afghanistan War veteran, mentor, and cross-cultural collaborator, Joseph’s scholarly work focuses on innovation design, national and international security, economic development, and public service, highlighting his commitment to advancing knowledge and sustainable solutions.

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