Kenya’s Territorial Disputes and Security Implications

Case Studies from the Elemi Triangle to the Kenya-Somalia Maritime Conflict

Abstract

Territorial conflicts have in invariably characterized Kenya’s interaction with her neighbouring countries. Over time, these conflicts have threatened national security, economic stability and international relations of the country with her neighbours. These disputes are based on the colonial-era demarcations of boundaries, historical claims and the struggle over the natural resources that have some of the most prominent cases of the Elemi Triangle, the Migingo Island, the Kenya-Somalia maritime boundary and the Kenya-Tanzania border. This research paper used a convergent mixed-method design to investigate the nature and consequences of these controversies. The secondary and primary sources were used to collect data. The analysis involved the analysis of archival materials, government reports, international court documents, and regional treaties; to be more specific, a purposive sample of forty-five (45) official documents and reports created by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the African Union, and the International Court of Justice. Further, twelve (12) professional interviews were conducted to triangulate the findings, and these were conducted with the diplomats, security analysts, and scholars in the field of regional affairs. As has been discussed, unresolved issues on the territories have deteriorated border insecurity and disrupted the cross-border trade and the relationship between the states. Settlements living in the contentious frontiers are continuously displaced, engage in propaganda of resources, and have restricted access to economic opportunities. However, peaceful solutions and collaboration exist through such multilateral systems as the East Africa Community (EAC), the African Union (AU) and the international adjudicatory organs such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The study suggests improved diplomatic bargaining, adherence to international determinations, and shared assistance programs. A well-coordinated border governance strategy that involves community participation, diplomacy, and security is the key to having regional stability, economic integration, and sustainable development.